# PostgreSQL packaged by Bitnami

## What is PostgreSQL?

> PostgreSQL (Postgres) is an open source object-relational database known for reliability and data integrity. ACID-compliant, it supports foreign keys, joins, views, triggers and stored procedures.

[Overview of PostgreSQL](http://www.postgresql.org)

Trademarks: This software listing is packaged by Bitnami. The respective trademarks mentioned in the offering are owned by the respective companies, and use of them does not imply any affiliation or endorsement.

## TL;DR

```console
$ docker run --name postgresql bitnami/postgresql:latest
```

### Docker Compose

```console
$ curl -sSL https://raw.githubusercontent.com/bitnami/containers/main/bitnami/postgresql/docker-compose.yml > docker-compose.yml
$ docker-compose up -d
```

**Warning**: This quick setup is only intended for development environments. You are encouraged to change the insecure default credentials and check out the available configuration options in the [Configuration](#configuration) section for a more secure deployment.

## Why use Bitnami Images?

* Bitnami closely tracks upstream source changes and promptly publishes new versions of this image using our automated systems.
* With Bitnami images the latest bug fixes and features are available as soon as possible.
* Bitnami containers, virtual machines and cloud images use the same components and configuration approach - making it easy to switch between formats based on your project needs.
* All our images are based on [minideb](https://github.com/bitnami/minideb) a minimalist Debian based container image which gives you a small base container image and the familiarity of a leading Linux distribution.
* All Bitnami images available in Docker Hub are signed with [Docker Content Trust (DCT)](https://docs.docker.com/engine/security/trust/content_trust/). You can use `DOCKER_CONTENT_TRUST=1` to verify the integrity of the images.
* Bitnami container images are released on a regular basis with the latest distribution packages available.

## How to deploy PostgreSQL in Kubernetes?

Deploying Bitnami applications as Helm Charts is the easiest way to get started with our applications on Kubernetes. Read more about the installation in the [Bitnami PostgreSQL Chart GitHub repository](https://github.com/bitnami/charts/tree/master/bitnami/postgresql).

Bitnami containers can be used with [Kubeapps](https://kubeapps.dev/) for deployment and management of Helm Charts in clusters.

## Why use a non-root container?

Non-root container images add an extra layer of security and are generally recommended for production environments. However, because they run as a non-root user, privileged tasks are typically off-limits. Learn more about non-root containers [in our docs](https://docs.bitnami.com/tutorials/work-with-non-root-containers/).

## Supported tags and respective `Dockerfile` links

Learn more about the Bitnami tagging policy and the difference between rolling tags and immutable tags [in our documentation page](https://docs.bitnami.com/tutorials/understand-rolling-tags-containers/).


* [`14`, `14-debian-11`, `14.5.0`, `14.5.0-debian-11-r7`, `latest` (14/debian-11/Dockerfile)](https://github.com/bitnami/containers/tree/main/bitnami/postgresql/14/debian-11/Dockerfile)
* [`13`, `13-debian-11`, `13.8.0`, `13.8.0-debian-11-r8` (13/debian-11/Dockerfile)](https://github.com/bitnami/containers/tree/main/bitnami/postgresql/13/debian-11/Dockerfile)
* [`12`, `12-debian-11`, `12.12.0`, `12.12.0-debian-11-r8` (12/debian-11/Dockerfile)](https://github.com/bitnami/containers/tree/main/bitnami/postgresql/12/debian-11/Dockerfile)
* [`11`, `11-debian-11`, `11.17.0`, `11.17.0-debian-11-r8` (11/debian-11/Dockerfile)](https://github.com/bitnami/containers/tree/main/bitnami/postgresql/11/debian-11/Dockerfile)
* [`10`, `10-debian-11`, `10.22.0`, `10.22.0-debian-11-r8` (10/debian-11/Dockerfile)](https://github.com/bitnami/containers/tree/main/bitnami/postgresql/10/debian-11/Dockerfile)

Subscribe to project updates by watching the [bitnami/containers GitHub repo](https://github.com/bitnami/containers).

## Get this image

The recommended way to get the Bitnami PostgreSQL Docker Image is to pull the prebuilt image from the [Docker Hub Registry](https://hub.docker.com/r/bitnami/postgresql).

```console
$ docker pull bitnami/postgresql:latest
```

To use a specific version, you can pull a versioned tag. You can view the [list of available versions](https://hub.docker.com/r/bitnami/postgresql/tags/) in the Docker Hub Registry.

```console
$ docker pull bitnami/postgresql:[TAG]
```

If you wish, you can also build the image yourself by cloning the repository, changing to the directory containing the Dockerfile and executing the `docker build` command. Remember to replace the `APP`, `VERSION` and `OPERATING-SYSTEM` path placeholders in the example command below with the correct values.

```console
$ git clone https://github.com/bitnami/containers.git
$ cd bitnami/APP/VERSION/OPERATING-SYSTEM
$ docker build -t bitnami/APP:latest .
```

## Persisting your database

If you remove the container all your data and configurations will be lost, and the next time you run the image the database will be reinitialized. To avoid this loss of data, you should mount a volume that will persist even after the container is removed.

For persistence you should mount a directory at the `/bitnami/postgresql` path. If the mounted directory is empty, it will be initialized on the first run.

```console
$ docker run \
    -v /path/to/postgresql-persistence:/bitnami/postgresql \
    bitnami/postgresql:latest
```

or by modifying the [`docker-compose.yml`](https://github.com/bitnami/containers/tree/main/bitnami/postgresql/docker-compose.yml) file present in this repository:

```yaml
services:
  postgresql:
  ...
    volumes:
      - /path/to/postgresql-persistence:/bitnami/postgresql
  ...
```

> NOTE: As this is a non-root container, the mounted files and directories must have the proper permissions for the UID `1001`.

## Connecting to other containers

Using [Docker container networking](https://docs.docker.com/engine/userguide/networking/), a PostgreSQL server running inside a container can easily be accessed by your application containers.

Containers attached to the same network can communicate with each other using the container name as the hostname.

### Using the Command Line

In this example, we will create a PostgreSQL client instance that will connect to the server instance that is running on the same docker network as the client.

#### Step 1: Create a network

```console
$ docker network create app-tier --driver bridge
```

#### Step 2: Launch the PostgreSQL server instance

Use the `--network app-tier` argument to the `docker run` command to attach the PostgreSQL container to the `app-tier` network.

```console
$ docker run -d --name postgresql-server \
    --network app-tier \
    bitnami/postgresql:latest
```

#### Step 3: Launch your PostgreSQL client instance

Finally we create a new container instance to launch the PostgreSQL client and connect to the server created in the previous step:

```console
$ docker run -it --rm \
    --network app-tier \
    bitnami/postgresql:latest psql -h postgresql-server -U postgres
```

### Using Docker Compose

When not specified, Docker Compose automatically sets up a new network and attaches all deployed services to that network. However, we will explicitly define a new `bridge` network named `app-tier`. In this example we assume that you want to connect to the PostgreSQL server from your own custom application image which is identified in the following snippet by the service name `myapp`.

```yaml
version: '2'

networks:
  app-tier:
    driver: bridge

services:
  postgresql:
    image: 'bitnami/postgresql:latest'
    networks:
      - app-tier
  myapp:
    image: 'YOUR_APPLICATION_IMAGE'
    networks:
      - app-tier
```

> **IMPORTANT**:
>
> 1. Please update the **YOUR_APPLICATION_IMAGE_** placeholder in the above snippet with your application image
> 2. In your application container, use the hostname `postgresql` to connect to the PostgreSQL server

Launch the containers using:

```console
$ docker-compose up -d
```

## Configuration

### On container start

When the container is executed, it will execute the files with extension `.sh` located at `/docker-entrypoint-preinitdb.d` before initializing or starting postgresql.

In order to have your custom files inside the docker image you can mount them as a volume.

### Passing extra command-line flags to PostgreSQL

Passing extra command-line flags to the postgresql service command is possible through the following env var:

- `POSTGRESQL_EXTRA_FLAGS`: Flags to be appended to the `postgres` startup command. No defaults

### Initializing a new instance

When the container is executed for the first time, it will execute the files with extensions `.sh`, `.sql` and `.sql.gz` located at `/docker-entrypoint-initdb.d`.

In order to have your custom files inside the docker image you can mount them as a volume.

### Setting the root password on first run

In the above commands you may have noticed the use of the `POSTGRESQL_PASSWORD` environment variable. Passing the `POSTGRESQL_PASSWORD` environment variable when running the image for the first time will set the password of the `postgres` user to the value of `POSTGRESQL_PASSWORD` (or the content of the file specified in `POSTGRESQL_PASSWORD_FILE`).

```console
$ docker run --name postgresql -e POSTGRESQL_PASSWORD=password123 bitnami/postgresql:latest
```

or by modifying the [`docker-compose.yml`](https://github.com/bitnami/containers/tree/main/bitnami/postgresql/docker-compose.yml) file present in this repository:

```yaml
services:
  postgresql:
  ...
    environment:
      - POSTGRESQL_PASSWORD=password123
  ...
```

**Note!**
The `postgres` user is a superuser and has full administrative access to the PostgreSQL database.

Refer to [Creating a database user on first run](#creating-a-database-user-on-first-run) if you want to set an unprivileged user and a password for the `postgres` user.

### Creating a database on first run

By passing the `POSTGRESQL_DATABASE` environment variable when running the image for the first time, a database will be created. This is useful if your application requires that a database already exists, saving you from having to manually create the database using the PostgreSQL client.

```console
$ docker run --name postgresql -e POSTGRESQL_DATABASE=my_database bitnami/postgresql:latest
```

or by modifying the [`docker-compose.yml`](https://github.com/bitnami/containers/tree/main/bitnami/postgresql/docker-compose.yml) file present in this repository:

```yaml
services:
  postgresql:
  ...
    environment:
      - POSTGRESQL_DATABASE=my_database
  ...
```

### Creating a database user on first run

You can also create a restricted database user that only has permissions for the database created with the [`POSTGRESQL_DATABASE`](#creating-a-database-on-first-run) environment variable. To do this, provide the `POSTGRESQL_USERNAME` environment variable.

```console
$ docker run --name postgresql -e POSTGRESQL_USERNAME=my_user -e POSTGRESQL_PASSWORD=password123 -e POSTGRESQL_DATABASE=my_database bitnami/postgresql:latest
```

or by modifying the [`docker-compose.yml`](https://github.com/bitnami/containers/tree/main/bitnami/postgresql/docker-compose.yml) file present in this repository:

```yaml
services:
  postgresql:
  ...
    environment:
      - POSTGRESQL_USERNAME=my_user
      - POSTGRESQL_PASSWORD=password123
      - POSTGRESQL_DATABASE=my_database
  ...
```

**Note!**
When `POSTGRESQL_USERNAME` is specified, the `postgres` user is not assigned a password and as a result you cannot login remotely to the PostgreSQL server as the `postgres` user. If you still want to have access with the user `postgres`, please set the `POSTGRESQL_POSTGRES_PASSWORD` environment variable (or the content of the file specified in `POSTGRESQL_POSTGRES_PASSWORD_FILE`).

### Auditing

The Bitnami PostgreSQL Image comes with the pgAudit module enabled by default. Thanks to this, audit information can be enabled in the container with these environment variables:

- `POSTGRESQL_PGAUDIT_LOG`: Comma-separated list with different operations to audit. Find in the [official pgAudit documentation](https://github.com/pgaudit/pgaudit#configuration) the list of possible values. No defaults.
- `POSTGRESQL_PGAUDIT_LOG_CATALOG`: Session logging enabled in the case where all relations in a statement are in pg_catalog. No defaults.
- `POSTGRESQL_LOG_CONNECTIONS`: Add log entry for logins. No defaults.
- `POSTGRESQL_LOG_DISCONNECTIONS`: Add log entry for logouts. No defaults.
- `POSTGRESQL_LOG_HOSTNAME`: Log the client hostname. No defaults.
- `POSTGRESQL_LOG_LINE_PREFIX`: Define the format of the log entry lines. Find in the [official PostgreSQL documentation](https://www.postgresql.org/docs/current/runtime-config-logging.html) the string parameters. No defaults.
- `POSTGRESQL_LOG_TIMEZONE`: Set the timezone for the log entry timestamp. No defaults.

### Session settings

The Bitnami PostgreSQL Image allows configuring several parameters for the connection and session management:

- `POSTGRESQL_USERNAME_CONNECTION_LIMIT`: If a user different from `postgres` is created, set the connection limit. No defaults.
- `POSTGRESQL_POSTGRES_CONNECTION_LIMIT`: Set the connection limit for the `postgres` user. No defaults.
- `POSTGRESQL_STATEMENT_TIMEOUT`: Set the statement timeout. No defaults.
- `POSTGRESQL_TCP_KEEPALIVES_INTERVAL`: TCP keepalive interval. No defaults.
- `POSTGRESQL_TCP_KEEPALIVES_IDLE`: TCP keepalive idle time. No defaults.
- `POSTGRESQL_TCP_KEEPALIVES_COUNT`: TCP keepalive count. No defaults.

### Configuring time zone

The Bitnami PostgreSQL Image allows configuring the time zone for PostgreSQL with the following environment variables:

- `POSTGRESQL_TIMEZONE`: Sets the time zone for displaying and interpreting time stamps.
- `POSTGRESQL_LOG_TIMEZONE`: Sets the time zone used for timestamps written in the server log.

### Modify pg_hba.conf

By default, the Bitnami PostgreSQL Image generates `local` and `md5` entries in the pg_hba.conf file. In order to adapt to any other requirements or standards, it is possible to change the pg_hba.conf file by:

- Mounting your own pg_hba.conf file in `/bitnami/postgresql/conf`
- Using the `POSTGRESQL_PGHBA_REMOVE_FILTERS` with a comma-separated list of patterns. All lines that match any of the patterns will be removed. For example, if we want to remove all `local` and `md5` authentication (in favour of hostssl only connections, for example), set `POSTGRESQL_PGHBA_REMOVE_FILTERS=local, md5`.

### Preloading shared libraries

It is possible to modify the list of libraries that PostgreSQL will preload at boot time by setting the `POSTGRESQL_SHARED_PRELOAD_LIBRARIES`. The default value is `POSTGRESQL_SHARED_PRELOAD_LIBRARIES=pgaudit`. If, for example, you want to add the `pg_stat_statements` library to the preload, set `POSTGRESQL_SHARED_PRELOAD_LIBRARIES=pgaudit, pg_stat_statements`.

### Setting up a streaming replication

A [Streaming replication](http://www.postgresql.org/docs/9.4/static/warm-standby.html#STREAMING-REPLICATION) cluster can easily be setup with the Bitnami PostgreSQL Docker Image using the following environment variables:

 - `POSTGRESQL_REPLICATION_MODE`: Replication mode. Possible values `master`/`slave`. No defaults.
 - `POSTGRESQL_REPLICATION_USER`: The replication user created on the master on first run. No defaults.
 - `POSTGRESQL_REPLICATION_PASSWORD`: The replication users password. No defaults.
 - `POSTGRESQL_REPLICATION_PASSWORD_FILE`: Path to a file that contains the replication users password. This will override the value specified in `POSTGRESQL_REPLICATION_PASSWORD`. No defaults.
 - `POSTGRESQL_MASTER_HOST`: Hostname/IP of replication master (slave parameter). No defaults.
 - `POSTGRESQL_MASTER_PORT_NUMBER`: Server port of the replication master (slave parameter). Defaults to `5432`.

In a replication cluster you can have one master and zero or more slaves. When replication is enabled the master node is in read-write mode, while the slaves are in read-only mode. For best performance its advisable to limit the reads to the slaves.

#### Step 1: Create the replication master

The first step is to start the master.

```console
$ docker run --name postgresql-master \
  -e POSTGRESQL_REPLICATION_MODE=master \
  -e POSTGRESQL_USERNAME=my_user \
  -e POSTGRESQL_PASSWORD=password123 \
  -e POSTGRESQL_DATABASE=my_database \
  -e POSTGRESQL_REPLICATION_USER=my_repl_user \
  -e POSTGRESQL_REPLICATION_PASSWORD=my_repl_password \
  bitnami/postgresql:latest
```

In this command we are configuring the container as the master using the `POSTGRESQL_REPLICATION_MODE=master` parameter. A replication user is specified using the `POSTGRESQL_REPLICATION_USER` and `POSTGRESQL_REPLICATION_PASSWORD` parameters.

#### Step 2: Create the replication slave

Next we start a replication slave container.

```console
$ docker run --name postgresql-slave \
  --link postgresql-master:master \
  -e POSTGRESQL_REPLICATION_MODE=slave \
  -e POSTGRESQL_MASTER_HOST=master \
  -e POSTGRESQL_MASTER_PORT_NUMBER=5432 \
  -e POSTGRESQL_REPLICATION_USER=my_repl_user \
  -e POSTGRESQL_REPLICATION_PASSWORD=my_repl_password \
  bitnami/postgresql:latest
```

In the above command the container is configured as a `slave` using the `POSTGRESQL_REPLICATION_MODE` parameter. Before the replication slave is started, the `POSTGRESQL_MASTER_HOST` and `POSTGRESQL_MASTER_PORT_NUMBER` parameters are used by the slave container to connect to the master and replicate the initial database from the master. The `POSTGRESQL_REPLICATION_USER` and `POSTGRESQL_REPLICATION_PASSWORD` credentials are used to authenticate with the master. In order to change the `pg_hba.conf` default settings, the slave needs to know if `POSTGRESQL_PASSWORD` is set.

With these two commands you now have a two node PostgreSQL master-slave streaming replication cluster up and running. You can scale the cluster by adding/removing slaves without incurring any downtime.

> **Note**: The cluster replicates the master in its entirety, which includes all users and databases.

If the master goes down you can reconfigure a slave to act as the master and begin accepting writes by creating the trigger file `/tmp/postgresql.trigger.5432`. For example the following command reconfigures `postgresql-slave` to act as the master:

```console
$ docker exec postgresql-slave touch /tmp/postgresql.trigger.5432
```

> **Note**: The configuration of the other slaves in the cluster needs to be updated so that they are aware of the new master. This would require you to restart the other slaves with `--link postgresql-slave:master` as per our examples.

With Docker Compose the master-slave replication can be setup using:

```yaml
version: '2'

services:
  postgresql-master:
    image: 'bitnami/postgresql:latest'
    ports:
      - '5432'
    volumes:
      - 'postgresql_master_data:/bitnami/postgresql'
    environment:
      - POSTGRESQL_REPLICATION_MODE=master
      - POSTGRESQL_REPLICATION_USER=repl_user
      - POSTGRESQL_REPLICATION_PASSWORD=repl_password
      - POSTGRESQL_USERNAME=my_user
      - POSTGRESQL_PASSWORD=my_password
      - POSTGRESQL_DATABASE=my_database
  postgresql-slave:
    image: 'bitnami/postgresql:latest'
    ports:
      - '5432'
    depends_on:
      - postgresql-master
    environment:
      - POSTGRESQL_REPLICATION_MODE=slave
      - POSTGRESQL_REPLICATION_USER=repl_user
      - POSTGRESQL_REPLICATION_PASSWORD=repl_password
      - POSTGRESQL_MASTER_HOST=postgresql-master
      - POSTGRESQL_PASSWORD=my_password
      - POSTGRESQL_MASTER_PORT_NUMBER=5432

volumes:
  postgresql_master_data:
```

Scale the number of slaves using:

```console
$ docker-compose up --detach --scale postgresql-master=1 --scale postgresql-slave=3
```

The above command scales up the number of slaves to `3`. You can scale down in the same way.

> **Note**: You should not scale up/down the number of master nodes. Always have only one master node running.

#### Synchronous commits
By default, the slaves instances are configued with asynchronous replication. In order to guarantee more data stability (at the cost of some performance), it is possible to set synchronous commits (i.e. a transaction commit will not return success to the client until it has been written in a set of replicas) using the following environment variables.

  - `POSTGRESQL_SYNCHRONOUS_COMMIT_MODE`: Establishes the type of synchronous commit. The available options are: `on`, `remote_apply`, `remote_write`, `local` and `off`. The default value is `on`. For more information, check the [official PostgreSQL documentation](https://www.postgresql.org/docs/9.6/runtime-config-wal.html#GUC-SYNCHRONOUS-COMMIT).
  - `POSTGRESQL_NUM_SYNCHRONOUS_REPLICAS`: Establishes the number of replicas that will enable synchronous replication. This number must not be above the number of slaves that you configure in the cluster.

With Docker Compose the master-slave replication with synchronous commits can be setup as follows:

```yaml
version: '2'

services:
  postgresql-master:
    image: 'bitnami/postgresql:latest'
    ports:
      - '5432'
    volumes:
      - 'postgresql_master_data:/bitnami/postgresql'
    environment:
      - POSTGRESQL_REPLICATION_MODE=master
      - POSTGRESQL_REPLICATION_USER=repl_user
      - POSTGRESQL_REPLICATION_PASSWORD=repl_password
      - POSTGRESQL_USERNAME=my_user
      - POSTGRESQL_PASSWORD=my_password
      - POSTGRESQL_DATABASE=my_database
      - POSTGRESQL_SYNCHRONOUS_COMMIT_MODE=on
      - POSTGRESQL_NUM_SYNCHRONOUS_REPLICAS=1
    volumes:
      - '/path/to/postgresql-persistence:/bitnami/postgresql'
  postgresql-slave:
    image: 'bitnami/postgresql:latest'
    ports:
      - '5432'
    depends_on:
      - postgresql-master
    environment:
      - POSTGRESQL_REPLICATION_MODE=slave
      - POSTGRESQL_REPLICATION_USER=repl_user
      - POSTGRESQL_REPLICATION_PASSWORD=repl_password
      - POSTGRESQL_MASTER_HOST=postgresql-master
      - POSTGRESQL_MASTER_PORT_NUMBER=5432
  postgresql-slave2:
    image: 'bitnami/postgresql:latest'
    ports:
      - '5432'
    depends_on:
      - postgresql-master
    environment:
      - POSTGRESQL_REPLICATION_MODE=slave
      - POSTGRESQL_REPLICATION_USER=repl_user
      - POSTGRESQL_REPLICATION_PASSWORD=repl_password
      - POSTGRESQL_MASTER_HOST=postgresql-master
      - POSTGRESQL_MASTER_PORT_NUMBER=5432
```

In the example above, commits will need to be written to both the master and one of the slaves in order to be accepted. The other slave will continue using asynchronous replication. Check it with the following SQL query:

```console
postgres=# select application_name as server, state,
postgres-#       sync_priority as priority, sync_state
postgres-#       from pg_stat_replication;
| server      | state     | priority | sync_state |
|-------------|-----------|----------|------------|
| walreceiver | streaming | 0        | sync       |
| walreceiver | streaming | 0        | async      |
```

> **Note:** For more advanced setups, you can define different replication groups with the `application_name` parameter, by setting the `POSTGRESQL_CLUSTER_APP_NAME` environment variable.

### LDAP authentication

In order to use LDAP authentication you need to enable it setting the environment variable `POSTGRESQL_ENABLE_LDAP` to  `yes`.

There are two ways of setting up the LDAP configuration:

- By configuring `POSTGRESQL_LDAP_URL`, where you can configure all the associated parameters in the URL.
- Setting up the parameters `POSTGRESQL_LDAP_xxxx` independently.

The LDAP related parameters are:

* `POSTGRESQL_LDAP_SERVER`: IP addresses or names of the LDAP servers to connect to. Separated by spaces.
* `POSTGRESQL_LDAP_PORT`: Port number on the LDAP server to connect to
* `POSTGRESQL_LDAP_SCHEME`: Set to `ldaps` to use LDAPS. Default to none.
* `POSTGRESQL_LDAP_TLS`: Set to `1` to use TLS encryption. Default to none.
* `POSTGRESQL_LDAP_PREFIX`: String to prepend to the user name when forming the DN to bind. Default to none.
* `POSTGRESQL_LDAP_SUFFIX`:  String to append to the user name when forming the DN to bind. Default to none.
* `POSTGRESQL_LDAP_BASE_DN`: Root DN to begin the search for the user in. Default to none.
* `POSTGRESQL_LDAP_BIND_DN`: DN of user to bind to LDAP. Default to none.
* `POSTGRESQL_LDAP_BIND_PASSWORD`: Password for the user to bind to LDAP. Default to none.
* `POSTGRESQL_LDAP_SEARCH_ATTR`: Attribute to match against the user name in the search. Default to none.
* `POSTGRESQL_LDAP_SEARCH_FILTER`: The search filter to use when doing search+bind authentication. Default to none.
* `POSTGRESQL_LDAP_URL`: URL to connect to, in the format: `ldap[s]://host[:port]/basedn[?[attribute][?[scope][?[filter]]]]` .

For more information refer to [Postgresql LDAP auth configuration documentation](https://www.postgresql.org/docs/12/auth-ldap.html).

### Securing PostgreSQL traffic

PostgreSQL supports the encryption of connections using the SSL/TLS protocol. Should you desire to enable this optional feature, you may use the following environment variables to configure the application:

 - `POSTGRESQL_ENABLE_TLS`: Whether to enable TLS for traffic or not. Defaults to `no`.
 - `POSTGRESQL_TLS_CERT_FILE`: File containing the certificate file for the TLS traffic. No defaults.
 - `POSTGRESQL_TLS_KEY_FILE`: File containing the key for certificate. No defaults.
 - `POSTGRESQL_TLS_CA_FILE`: File containing the CA of the certificate. If provided, PostgreSQL will authenticate TLS/SSL clients by requesting them a certificate (see [ref](https://www.postgresql.org/docs/9.6/auth-methods.html)). No defaults.
 - `POSTGRESQL_TLS_CRL_FILE`: File containing a Certificate Revocation List. No defaults.
 - `POSTGRESQL_TLS_PREFER_SERVER_CIPHERS`: Whether to use the server's TLS cipher preferences rather than the client's. Defaults to `yes`.

When enabling TLS, PostgreSQL will support both standard and encrypted traffic by default, but prefer the latter. Below there are some examples on how to quickly set up TLS traffic:

1. Using `docker run`

    ```console
    $ docker run \
        -v /path/to/certs:/opt/bitnami/postgresql/certs \
        -e ALLOW_EMPTY_PASSWORD=yes \
        -e POSTGRESQL_ENABLE_TLS=yes \
        -e POSTGRESQL_TLS_CERT_FILE=/opt/bitnami/postgresql/certs/postgres.crt \
        -e POSTGRESQL_TLS_KEY_FILE=/opt/bitnami/postgresql/certs/postgres.key \
        bitnami/postgresql:latest
    ```

2. Modifying the `docker-compose.yml` file present in this repository:

    ```yaml
    services:
      postgresql:
      ...
        environment:
          ...
          - POSTGRESQL_ENABLE_TLS=yes
          - POSTGRESQL_TLS_CERT_FILE=/opt/bitnami/postgresql/certs/postgres.crt
          - POSTGRESQL_TLS_KEY_FILE=/opt/bitnami/postgresql/certs/postgres.key
        ...
        volumes:
          ...
          - /path/to/certs:/opt/bitnami/postgresql/certs
      ...
    ```

Alternatively, you may also provide this configuration in your [custom](https://github.com/bitnami/containers/tree/main/bitnami/postgresql#configuration-file) configuration file.

### Configuration file

The image looks for `postgresql.conf` file in `/opt/bitnami/postgresql/conf/`. You can mount a volume at `/bitnami/postgresql/conf/` and copy/edit the `postgresql.conf` file in the `/path/to/postgresql-persistence/conf/`. The default configurations will be populated to the `conf/` directory if it's empty.

```console
/path/to/postgresql-persistence/conf/
└── postgresql.conf

0 directories, 1 file
```

As PostgreSQL image is non-root, you need to set the proper permissions to the mounted directory in your host:
```console
sudo chown 1001:1001 /path/to/postgresql-persistence/conf/
```

#### Step 1: Run the PostgreSQL image

Run the PostgreSQL image, mounting a directory from your host.

```console
$ docker run --name postgresql \
    -v /path/to/postgresql-persistence/conf/:/bitnami/postgresql/conf/ \
    bitnami/postgresql:latest
```

or using Docker Compose:

```yaml
version: '2'

services:
  postgresql:
    image: 'bitnami/postgresql:latest'
    ports:
      - '5432:5432'
    volumes:
      - /path/to/postgresql-persistence/conf/:/bitnami/postgresql/conf/
```

#### Step 2: Edit the configuration

Edit the configuration on your host using your favorite editor.

```console
vi /path/to/postgresql-persistence/conf/postgresql.conf
```

#### Step 3: Restart PostgreSQL

After changing the configuration, restart your PostgreSQL container for changes to take effect.

```console
$ docker restart postgresql
```

or using Docker Compose:

```console
$ docker-compose restart postgresql
```

Refer to the [server configuration](http://www.postgresql.org/docs/9.4/static/runtime-config.html) manual for the complete list of configuration options.

#### Allow settings to be loaded from files other than the default `postgresql.conf`

Apart of using a custom `postgresql.conf`, you can include files ending in `.conf` from the `conf.d` directory in the volume at `/bitnami/postgresql/conf/`.
For this purpose, the default `postgresql.conf` contains the following section:

```config
##------------------------------------------------------------------------------
## CONFIG FILE INCLUDES
##------------------------------------------------------------------------------

## These options allow settings to be loaded from files other than the
## default postgresql.conf.

include_dir = 'conf.d'  # Include files ending in '.conf' from directory 'conf.d'
```

In your host, you should create the extended configuration file under the `conf.d` directory:

```console
$ mkdir -p /path/to/postgresql-persistence/conf/conf.d/
$ vi /path/to/postgresql-persistence/conf/conf.d/extended.conf
```

If you are using your custom `postgresql.conf`, you should create (or uncomment) the above section in your config file, in this case the `/path/to/postgresql-persistence/conf/` structure should be something like

```console
/path/to/postgresql-persistence/conf/
├── conf.d
│   └── extended.conf
└── postgresql.conf

1 directory, 2 files
```

### Specifying initdb arguments

Specifying extra initdb arguments can easily be done using the following environment variables:

 - `POSTGRESQL_INITDB_ARGS`: Specifies extra arguments for the initdb command. No defaults.
 - `POSTGRESQL_INITDB_WALDIR`: Defines a custom location for the transaction log. No defaults.

```console
$ docker run --name postgresql \
  -e POSTGRESQL_INITDB_ARGS="--data-checksums" \
  -e POSTGRESQL_INITDB_WALDIR="/bitnami/waldir" \
  bitnami/postgresql:latest
```

or by modifying the [`docker-compose.yml`](https://github.com/bitnami/containers/tree/main/bitnami/postgresql/docker-compose.yml) file present in this repository:

```yaml
services:
  postgresql:
  ...
    environment:
      - POSTGRESQL_INITDB_ARGS=--data-checksums
      - POSTGRESQL_INITDB_WALDIR=/bitnami/waldir
  ...
```

### Stopping settings

You can control the parameters used to stop postgresql in the initialization process by using:

 - `POSTGRESQL_PGCTLTIMEOUT` that will set the timeout for the `pg_ctl` command.
 - `POSTGRESQL_SHUTDOWN_MODE` that will indicate the [shutdown mode](https://www.postgresql.org/docs/11/app-pg-ctl.html) used.

### Installing extra locales

The Dockerfile provides two arguments to configure extra locales at build time:

 - `WITH_ALL_LOCALES`: Enable all supported locales. Default: no
 - `EXTRA_LOCALES`: Comma separated list of extra locales to enable. No defaults

For example, to build an image with support for the `es_ES.UTF-8 UTF-8` locale, you can add the following argument to your build command:

```
docker build --build-arg EXTRA_LOCALES="es_ES.UTF-8 UTF-8" ...
```

### Environment variables aliases

The Bitnami PostgreSQL container allows two different sets of environment variables. Please see the list of environment variable aliases in the next table:

| Environment Variable                 | Alias                              |
|:-------------------------------------|:-----------------------------------|
| POSTGRESQL_USERNAME                  | POSTGRES_USER                      |
| POSTGRESQL_DATABASE                  | POSTGRES_DB                        |
| POSTGRESQL_PASSWORD                  | POSTGRES_PASSWORD                  |
| POSTGRESQL_PASSWORD_FILE             | POSTGRES_PASSWORD_FILE             |
| POSTGRESQL_POSTGRES_PASSWORD         | POSTGRES_POSTGRES_PASSWORD         |
| POSTGRESQL_POSTGRES_PASSWORD_FILE    | POSTGRES_POSTGRES_PASSWORD_FILE    |
| POSTGRESQL_PORT_NUMBER               | POSTGRES_PORT_NUMBER               |
| POSTGRESQL_INITDB_ARGS               | POSTGRES_INITDB_ARGS               |
| POSTGRESQL_INITDB_WALDIR             | POSTGRES_INITDB_WALDIR             |
| POSTGRESQL_DATA_DIR                  | PGDATA                             |
| POSTGRESQL_REPLICATION_USER          | POSTGRES_REPLICATION_USER          |
| POSTGRESQL_REPLICATION_MODE          | POSTGRES_REPLICATION_MODE          |
| POSTGRESQL_REPLICATION_PASSWORD      | POSTGRES_REPLICATION_PASSWORD      |
| POSTGRESQL_REPLICATION_PASSWORD_FILE | POSTGRES_REPLICATION_PASSWORD_FILE |
| POSTGRESQL_CLUSTER_APP_NAME          | POSTGRES_CLUSTER_APP_NAME          |
| POSTGRESQL_MASTER_HOST               | POSTGRES_MASTER_HOST               |
| POSTGRESQL_MASTER_PORT_NUMBER        | POSTGRES_MASTER_PORT_NUMBER        |
| POSTGRESQL_NUM_SYNCHRONOUS_REPLICAS  | POSTGRES_NUM_SYNCHRONOUS_REPLICAS  |
| POSTGRESQL_SYNCHRONOUS_COMMIT_MODE   | POSTGRES_SYNCHRONOUS_COMMIT_MODE   |
| POSTGRESQL_SHUTDOWN_MODE             | POSTGRES_SHUTDOWN_MODE             |

> *IMPORTANT*: Changing the `POSTGRES_USER` will not change the owner of the database that will continue being the `postgres` user. In order to change the database owner, please access using `postgres` as user (`$ psql -U postgres ...`) and execute the following command:
```console
alter database POSTGRES_DATABASE owner to POSTGRES_USER;
```

It is possible to change the user that PostgreSQL will use to execute the init scripts. To do so, use the following environment variables:

| Environment variable            | Description                                                       |
|---------------------------------|-------------------------------------------------------------------|
| POSTGRESQL_INITSCRIPTS_USERNAME | User that will be used to execute the init scripts                |
| POSTGRESQL_INITSCRIPTS_PASSWORD | Password for the user specified in POSTGRESQL_INITSCRIPT_USERNAME |

## Logging

The Bitnami PostgreSQL Docker image sends the container logs to the `stdout`. To view the logs:

```console
$ docker logs postgresql
```

or using Docker Compose:

```console
$ docker-compose logs postgresql
```

You can configure the containers [logging driver](https://docs.docker.com/engine/admin/logging/overview/) using the `--log-driver` option if you wish to consume the container logs differently. In the default configuration docker uses the `json-file` driver.

## Maintenance

### Upgrade this image

Bitnami provides up-to-date versions of PostgreSQL, including security patches, soon after they are made upstream. We recommend that you follow these steps to upgrade your container.

#### Step 1: Get the updated image

```console
$ docker pull bitnami/postgresql:latest
```

or if you're using Docker Compose, update the value of the image property to `bitnami/postgresql:latest`.

#### Step 2: Stop and backup the currently running container

Stop the currently running container using the command

```console
$ docker stop postgresql
```

or using Docker Compose:

```console
$ docker-compose stop postgresql
```

Next, take a snapshot of the persistent volume `/path/to/postgresql-persistence` using:

```console
$ rsync -a /path/to/postgresql-persistence /path/to/postgresql-persistence.bkp.$(date +%Y%m%d-%H.%M.%S)
```

#### Step 3: Remove the currently running container

```console
$ docker rm -v postgresql
```

or using Docker Compose:

```console
$ docker-compose rm -v postgresql
```

#### Step 4: Run the new image

Re-create your container from the new image.

```console
$ docker run --name postgresql bitnami/postgresql:latest
```

or using Docker Compose:

```console
$ docker-compose up postgresql
```

## Notable Changes

### 9.6.16-centos-7-r71, 10.11.0-centos-7-r72, 11.6.0-centos-7-r71, and 12.1.0-centos-7-r72

- `9.6.16-centos-7-r71`, `10.11.0-centos-7-r72`, `11.6.0-centos-7-r71`, and `12.1.0-centos-7-r72` are considered the latest images based on CentOS.
- Standard supported distros: Debian & OEL.

### 9.6.15-r93, 9.6.15-ol-7-r108, 9.6.15-centos-7-r107, 10.10.0-r923, 10.10.0-ol-7-r106, 10.10.0-centos-7-r107, 11.5.0-r89, 11.5.0-centos-7-r103, 11.5.0-ol-7-r108, 12.0.0-r21, 12.0.0-centos-7-r34 and 12.0.0-ol-7-r32

- Adds LDAP authentication support

### 9.6.15-r82, 9.6.15-ol-7-r92, 9.6.15-centos-7-r91, 10.10.0-r82, 10.10.0-ol-7-r90, 10.10.0-centos-7-r91, 11.5.0-r80, 11.5.0-centos-7-r87, 11.5.0-ol-7-r92, 12.0.0-r11, 12.0.0-centos-7-r17 and 12.0.0-ol-7-r17

- Adds Postgis extension to postgresql, version 2.3.x to Postgresiql 9.6 and version 2.5 to 10, 11 and 12.

### 9.6.12-r70, 9.6.12-ol-7-r72, 10.7.0-r69, 10.7.0-ol-7-r71, 11.2.0-r69 and 11.2.0-ol-7-r71

- Decrease the size of the container. It is not necessary Node.js anymore. PostgreSQL configuration moved to bash scripts in the rootfs/ folder.
- This container is backwards compatible with the previous versions, as the mount folders remain unchanged.
- The `POSTGRESQL_PASSWORD` variable must be passed to the slaves so they generate the proper `pg_hba.conf` admission rules.

### 9.6.11-r66, 9.6.11-ol-7-r83, 10.6.0-r68, 10.6.0-ol-7-r83, 11.1.0-r62 and 11.1.0-ol-7-r79

- The PostgreSQL container can be configured using two sets of environment variables. For more information, check [Environment variables aliases](#environment-variables-aliases)

### 9.6.11-r38, 10.6.0-r39 and 11.1.0-r34

- The PostgreSQL container now contains options to easily configure synchronous commits between slaves. This provides more data stability, but must be configured with caution as it also has a cost in performance. For more information, check [Synchronous Commits](#synchronous-commits).

### 9.6.9-r19 and 10.4.0-r19

- The PostgreSQL container has been migrated to a non-root user approach. Previously the container ran as the `root` user and the PostgreSQL daemon was started as the `postgres` user. From now on, both the container and the PostgreSQL daemon run as user `1001`. As a consequence, the data directory must be writable by that user. You can revert this behavior by changing `USER 1001` to `USER root` in the Dockerfile.

### 9.5.3-r5

- The `POSTGRES_` prefix on environment variables is now replaced by `POSTGRESQL_`
- `POSTGRES_USER` parameter has been renamed to `POSTGRESQL_USERNAME`.
- `POSTGRES_DB` parameter has been renamed to `POSTGRESQL_DATABASE`.
- `POSTGRES_MODE` parameter has been renamed to `POSTGRESQL_REPLICATION_MODE`.

### 9.5.3-r0

- All volumes have been merged at `/bitnami/postgresql`. Now you only need to mount a single volume at `/bitnami/postgresql` for persistence.
- The logs are always sent to the `stdout` and are no longer collected in the volume.

## Contributing

We'd love for you to contribute to this container. You can request new features by creating an [issue](https://github.com/bitnami/containers/issues), or submit a [pull request](https://github.com/bitnami/containers/pulls) with your contribution.

## Issues

If you encountered a problem running this container, you can file an [issue](https://github.com/bitnami/containers/issues/new/choose). For us to provide better support, be sure to fill the issue template.

## License

Copyright &copy; 2022 Bitnami

Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
You may obtain a copy of the License at

    http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0

Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
limitations under the License.
